Robinson was the son of Thomas Robinson, wood engraver, and the middle brother of Thomas Heath and William Heath Robinson. All three were well known black and white artists and all drew versions of the Arabian Nights. Charles was also a watercolourist.

His output was prodigous, illustrating at least 125 books and contributing to a number of magazines and periodicals. His style was very decorative and flowing with scenes surrounded by elaborate borders. He was inspired by Durer and the Pre-Raphelites, but was nevertheless highly original.